Optimizing HIV-1 Genotypic Resistance Testing for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: High-Impact HIV-1 Mutations Across WHO-DefinedScenarios

Par Robert W. Shafer et al.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Drug resistance testing may improve the management of people living with HIV(PLWH)inseveral scenarios in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To guide assay development, the WHO published a target product profile (TPP) outlining two priority use cases (scenarios) for genotypic resistance testing: (1) PLWH with confirmed virological failure (VF) on an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimen, such as tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine (3TC), and dolutegravir (DTG) and (2) heavily treated PLWH, including infants and young children, with confirmed VF after receiving multiple regimens including a boosted protease inhibitor (PI). An additional potential scenario includes PLWH testing positive for HIV-1 while on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Methods: To identify drug-resistance mutations (DRMs) most likely to influence clinical management of PLWH in each WHO TPP scenarios and to inform development of assays that detect individual DRMs and the interpretation of sequencebased assays, we reviewed prevalence and in vitro susceptibility data on HIV-1 DRMs in the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database associated with the nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI), nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI), PI, and INSTI classes and the capsid inhibitor lenacapavir. Results: In the first scenario, the most informative NRTI DRMs were K65R and M184V/I; and the most informative INSTI DRMs were G118R, N155H, Q148H/K/R, and R263K. In thesecondscenario, a broader spectrum of DRMsislikely to beclinically relevant, including additional NRTI DRMs, the PI DRMs associated with reduced susceptibility to darunavir, and the NNRTI DRMs associated with reduced susceptibility to etravirine and doravirine. In PLWH testing positive for HIV-1 despite PrEP, the most informative NRTI and INSTI DRMsoverlap with those in the first scenario, together with the capsid DRMs reported in persons experiencing VF while receiving lenacapavir. Conclusions: As global ARTprograms increasingly rely on INSTI-based regimens, and as the number of heavily treated individuals and difficult-to-treat pediatric cases grows, many LMICs have begun introducing HIV drug resistance testing for patient management. Although sequencebased assays provide the most comprehensive information for managing individual PLWH, assays that detect individual DRMs are also likely to be highly useful in the three WHO TPP scenarios.